Total views : 5975
Heads of income. [Section 14]
- Salaries.
- Income from house property.
- Profits and gains of business or profession.
- Capital gains.
- Income from other sources.
Salary:
The following income shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Salaries”—
 (a) any salary due from an employer or a former employer to an assessee in the previous year, whether paid or not;
 (b) any salary paid or allowed to him in the previous year by or on behalf of an employer or a former employer though not due or before it became due to him;
 (c) any arrears of salary paid or allowed to him in the previous year by or on behalf of an employer or a former employer, if not charged to income-tax for any earlier previous year.
Explanation 1.—For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that where any salary paid in advance is included in the total income of any person for any previous year it shall not be included again in the total income of the person when the salary becomes due.
Explanation 2.—Any salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, due to, or received by, a partner of a firm from the firm shall not be regarded as “salary” for the purposes of this section.
Income from house property[Section 22]
The annual value of property consisting of any buildings or lands appurtenant thereto of which the assessee is the owner, other than such portions of such property as he may occupy for the purposes of any business or profession carried on by him the profits of which are chargeable to income-tax, shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Income from house property”.
Profits and gains of business or profession[Section 28]
The following income shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”,—
  (i) the profits and gains of any business or profession which was carried on by the assessee at any time during the previous year ;
 (ii) any compensation or other payment due to or received by,—
 (a) any person, by whatever name called, managing the whole or substantially the whole of the affairs of an Indian company, at or in connection with the termination of his management or the modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto;
 (b) any person, by whatever name called, managing the whole or substantially the whole of the affairs in India of any other company, at or in connection with the termination of his office or the modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto ;
 (c) any person, by whatever name called, holding an agency in India for any part of the activities relating to the business of any other person, at or in connection with the termination of the agency or the modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto ;
 (d) any person, for or in connection with the vesting in the Government, or in any corporation owned or controlled by the Government, under any law for the time being in force, of the management of any property or business ;
 (e) any person, by whatever name called, at or in connection with the termination or the modification of the terms and conditions, of any contract relating to his business;
(iii) income derived by a trade, professional or similar association from specific services performed for its members ;
(iiia) profits on sale of a licence granted under the Imports (Control) Order, 1955, made under the Imports and Exports (Control) Act, 1947 (18 of 1947) ;
(iiib) cash assistance (by whatever name called) received or receivable by any person against exports under any scheme of the Government of India ;
(iiic) any duty of customs or excise re-paid or re-payable as drawback to any person against exports under the Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1971 ;
(iiid) any profit on the transfer of the Duty Entitlement Pass Book Scheme, being the Duty Remission Scheme under the export and import policy formulated and announced under section 5 of the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 (22 of 1992) ;
(iiie) any profit on the transfer of the Duty Free Replenishment Certificate, being the Duty Remission Scheme under the export and import policy formulated and announced under section 5 of the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 (22 of 1992) ;
(iv) the value of any benefit or perquisite, whether convertible into money or not, arising from business or the exercise of a profession ;
Following clause (iv) shall be substituted for the existing clause (iv) of section 28 by the Finance Act, 2023, w.e.f. 1-4-2024:
(iv) the value of any benefit or perquisite arising from business or the exercise of a profession, whether—
 (a) convertible into money or not; or
 (b) in cash or in kind or partly in cash and partly in kind;
 (v) any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, due to, or received by, a partner of a firm from such firm :
Provided that where any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, or any part thereof has not been allowed to be deducted under clause (b) of section 40, the income under this clause shall be adjusted to the extent of the amount not so allowed to be deducted ;
(va) any sum, whether received or receivable, in cash or kind, under an agreement for—
 (a) not carrying out any activity in relation to any business or profession; or
 (b) not sharing any know-how, patent, copyright, trade-mark, licence, franchise or any other business or commercial right of similar nature or information or technique likely to assist in the manufacture or processing of goods or provision for services:
Provided that sub-clause (a) shall not apply to—
  (i) any sum, whether received or receivable, in cash or kind, on account of transfer of the right to manufacture, produce or process any article or thing or right to carry on any business or profession, which is chargeable under the head “Capital gains”;
 (ii) any sum received as compensation, from the multilateral fund of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer under the United Nations Environment Programme, in accordance with the terms of agreement entered into with the Government of India.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause,—
  (i) “agreement” includes any arrangement or understanding or action in concert,—
 (A) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is formal or in writing; or
 (B) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is intended to be enforceable by legal proceedings;
 (ii) “service” means service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes the provision of services in connection with business of any industrial or commercial nature such as accounting, banking, communication, conveying of news or information, advertising, entertainment, amusement, education, financing, insurance, chit funds, real estate, construction, transport, storage, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, boarding and lodging;
(vi) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, the expression “Keyman insurance policy” shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (10D) of Section 10;
(via) the fair market value of inventory as on the date on which it is converted into, or treated as, a capital asset determined in the prescribed manner91;
(vii) any sum, whether received or receivable, in cash or kind, on account of any capital asset (other than land or goodwill or financial instrument) being demolished, destroyed, discarded or transferred, if the whole of the expenditure on such capital asset has been allowed as a deduction under section 35AD.
Explanation 2.—Where speculative transactions carried on by an assessee are of such a nature as to constitute a business, the business (hereinafter referred to as “speculation business”) shall be deemed to be distinct and separate from any other business.
(1) Any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset effected in the previous year shall, save as otherwise provided in sections 54, 54B, 54D, 54E, 54EA, 54EB, 54F, 54G and 54H, be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Capital gains”, and shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which the transfer took place.
(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where any person receives at any time during any previous year any money or other assets under an insurance from an insurer on account of damage to, or destruction of, any capital asset, as a result of—
(i) flood, typhoon, hurricane, cyclone, earthquake or other convulsion of nature; or
(ii) riot or civil disturbance; or
(iii) accidental fire or explosion; or
(iv) action by an enemy or action taken in combating an enemy (whether with or without a declaration of war),
then, any profits or gains arising from receipt of such money or other assets shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Capital gains” and shall be deemed to be the income of such person of the previous year in which such money or other asset was received and for the purposes of section 48, value of any money or the fair market value of other assets on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of such capital asset.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression “insurer” shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (9) of section 2 of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938).
81[(1B) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where any person receives at any time during any previous year any amount under a unit linked insurance policy, to which exemption under clause (10D) of section 10 does not apply on account of the applicability of the fourth and fifth provisos thereof, including the amount allocated by way of bonus on such policy, then, any profits or gains arising from receipt of such amount by such person shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Capital gains” and shall be deemed to be the income of such person of the previous year in which such amount was received and the income taxable shall be calculated in such manner as may be prescribed
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the profits or gains arising from the transfer by way of conversion by the owner of a capital asset into, or its treatment by him as stock-in-trade of a business carried on by him shall be chargeable to income-tax as his income of the previous year in which such stock-in-trade is sold or otherwise transferred by him and, for the purposes of section 48, the fair market value of the asset on the date of such conversion or treatment shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset.
(2A) Where any person has had at any time during previous year any beneficial interest in any securities, then, any profits or gains arising from transfer made by the depository or participant of such beneficial interest in respect of securities shall be chargeable to income-tax as the income of the beneficial owner of the previous year in which such transfer took place and shall not be regarded as income of the depository who is deemed to be the registered owner of securities by virtue of sub-section (1) of section 10 of the Depositories Act, 1996, and for the purposes of—
(i)Â section 48; and
(ii) proviso to clause (42A) of section 2,
the cost of acquisition and the period of holding of any securities shall be determined on the basis of the first-in-first-out method.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the expressions “beneficial owner”, “depository” and “security” shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in clauses (a), (e) and (l) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Depositories Act, 1996.
(3) The profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset by a person to a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or a co-operative society) in which he is or becomes a partner or member, by way of capital contribution or otherwise, shall be chargeable to tax as his income of the previous year in which such transfer takes place and, for the purposes of section 48, the amount recorded in the books of account of the firm, association or body as the value of the capital asset shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset.
82a[(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where a specified person receives during the previous year any money or capital asset or both from a specified entity in connection with the reconstitution of such specified entity, then any profits or gains arising from such receipt by the specified person shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of such specified entity under the head “Capital gains” and shall be deemed to be the income of such specified entity of the previous year in which such money or capital asset or both were received by the specified person, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, such profits or gains shall be determined in accordance with the following formula, namely:—
A = B + C – D
Where,
A = income chargeable to income-tax under this subÂsection as income of the specified entity under the head “Capital gains”;
B = value of any money received by the specified person from the specified entity on the date of such receipt;
C = the amount of fair market value of the capital asset received by the specified person from the specified entity on the date of such receipt; and
D = the amount of balance in the capital account (represented in any manner) of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity at the time of its reconstitution:
Provided that if the value of “A” in the above formula is negative, its value shall be deemed to be zero:
Provided further that the balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity is to be calculated without taking into account the increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self-generated goodwill or any other self-generated asset.
Explanation 1.—For the purposes of this sub-section,—
(i) the expressions “reconstitution of the specified entity”, “specified entity” and “specified person” shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in section 9B;
(ii) “self-generated goodwill” and “self-generated asset” mean goodwill or asset, as the case may be, which has been acquired without incurring any cost for purchase or which has been generated during the course of the business or profession.
Explanation 2.—For the removal of doubts, it is clarified that when a capital asset is received by a specified person from a specified entity in connection with the reconstitution of such specified entity, the provisions of this sub-section shall operate in addition to the provisions of section 9B and the taxation under the said provisions thereof shall be worked out independently.]
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where the capital gain arises from the transfer of a capital asset, being a transfer by way of compulsory acquisition under any law, or a transfer the consideration for which was deter-mined or approved by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India, and the compensation or the consideration for such transfer is enhanced or further enhanced by any court, Tribunal or other authority, the capital gain shall be dealt with in the following manner, namely :—
(a) the capital gain computed with reference to the compensation awarded in the first instance or, as the case may be, the consideration determined or approved in the first instance by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India shall be chargeable as income under the head “Capital gains” of the previous year in which such compensation or part thereof, or such consideration or part thereof, was first received; and
(b) the amount by which the compensation or consideration is enhanced or further enhanced by the court, Tribunal or other authority shall be deemed to be income chargeable under the head “Capital gains” of the previous year in which such amount is received by the assessee :
Provided that any amount of compensation received in pursuance of an interim order of a court, Tribunal or other authority shall be deemed to be income chargeable under the head “Capital gains” of the previous year in which the final order of such court, Tribunal or other authority is made;
(c) where in the assessment for any year, the capital gain arising from the transfer of a capital asset is computed by taking the compensation or consideration referred to in clause (a) or, as the case may be, enhanced compensation or consideration referred to in clause (b), and subsequently such compensation or consideration is reduced by any court, Tribunal or other authority, such assessed capital gain of that year shall be recomputed by taking the compensation or consideration as so reduced by such court, Tribunal or other authority to be the full value of the consideration.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section,—
(i) in relation to the amount referred to in clause (b), the cost of acquisition and the cost of improvement shall be taken to be nil;
(ii) the provisions of this sub-section shall apply also in a case where the transfer took place prior to the 1st day of April, 1988;
(iii) where by reason of the death of the person who made the transfer, or for any other reason, the enhanced compensation or consideration is received by any other person, the amount referred to in clause (b) shall be deemed to be the income, chargeable to tax under the head “Capital gains”, of such other person.
(5A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where the capital gain arises to an assessee, being an individual or a Hindu undivided family, from the transfer of a capital asset, being land or building or both, under a specified agreement, the capital gains shall be chargeable to income-tax as income of the previous year in which the certificate of completion for the whole or part of the project is issued by the competent authority; and for the purposes of section 48, the stamp duty value, on the date of issue of the said certificate, of his share, being land or building or both in the project, as increased by [the consideration received in cash, if any,] shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset :
Provided that the provisions of this sub-section shall not apply where the assessee transfers his share in the project on or before the date of issue of the said certificate of completion, and the capital gains shall be deemed to be the income of the previous year in which such transfer takes place and the provisions of this Act, other than the provisions of this sub-section, shall apply for the purpose of determination of full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the expression—
(i) “competent authority” means the authority empowered to approve the building plan by or under any law for the time being in force;
(ii) “specified agreement” means a registered agreement in which a person owning land or building or both, agrees to allow another person to develop a real estate project on such land or building or both, in consideration of a share, being land or building or both in such project, whether with or without payment of part of the consideration in cash;
(iii) “stamp duty value” means the value adopted or assessed or assessable by any authority of the Government for the purpose of payment of stamp duty in respect of an immovable property being land or building or both.
(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the difference between the repurchase price of the units referred to in sub-section (2) of section 80CCB and the capital value of such units shall be deemed to be the capital gains arising to the assessee in the previous year in which such repurchase takes place or the plan referred to in that section is terminated and shall be taxed accordingly.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, “capital value of such units” means any amount invested by the assessee in the units referred to in sub-section (2) of section 80CCB.
Income from other sources.[section 56]
1) Income of every kind which is not to be excluded from the total income under this Act shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Income from other sources”, if it is not chargeable to income-tax under any of the heads specified in section 14, items A to E.
(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), the following incomes, shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head “Income from other sources”, namely :—
  (i) dividends ;
(ia) income referred to in sub-clause (viii) of clause (24) of section 2;
(ib) income referred to in sub-clause (ix) of clause (24) of section 2;
(ic) income referred to in sub-clause (x) of clause (24) of section 2, if such income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”;
(id) income by way of interest on securities, if the income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”;
 (ii) income from machinery, plant or furniture belonging to the assessee and let on hire, if the income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”;
(iii) where an assessee lets on hire machinery, plant or furniture belonging to him and also buildings, and the letting of the buildings is inseparable from the letting of the said machinery, plant or furniture, the income from such letting, if it is not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”;
(iv) income referred to in sub-clause (xi) of clause (24) of section 2, if such income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or under the head “Salaries”;
 (v) where any sum of money exceeding twenty-five thousand rupees is received without consideration by an individual or a Hindu undivided family from any person on or after the 1st day of September, 2004 but before the 1st day of April, 2006, the whole of such sum:
Provided that this clause shall not apply to any sum of money received—
 (a) from any relative; or
 (b) on the occasion of the marriage of the individual; or
 (c) under a will or by way of inheritance; or
 (d) in contemplation of death of the payer; or
 (e) from any local authority as defined in the Explanation to clause (20) of section 10; or
 (f) from any fund or foundation or university or other educational institution or hospital or other medical institution or any trust or institution referred to in clause (23C) of section 10; or
 (g) from any trust or institution registered under section 12AA or section 12AB.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “relative” means—
  (i) spouse of the individual;
 (ii) brother or sister of the individual;
 (iii) brother or sister of the spouse of the individual;
 (iv) brother or sister of either of the parents of the individual;
 (v) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the individual;
 (vi) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the spouse of the individual;
(vii) spouse of the person referred to in clauses (ii) to (vi);
(vi) where any sum of money, the aggregate value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, is received without consideration, by an individual or a Hindu undivided family, in any previous year from any person or persons on or after the 1st day of April, 2006 but before the 1st day of October, 2009, the whole of the aggregate value of such sum:
Provided that this clause shall not apply to any sum of money received—
 (a) from any relative; or
 (b) on the occasion of the marriage of the individual; or
 (c) under a will or by way of inheritance; or
 (d) in contemplation of death of the payer; or
 (e) from any local authority as defined in the Explanation to clause (20) of section 10; or
 (f) from any fund or foundation or university or other educational institution or hospital or other medical institution or any trust or institution referred to in clause (23C) of section 10; or
 (g) from any trust or institution registered under section 12AA or section 12AB.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “relative” means—
  (i) spouse of the individual;
 (ii) brother or sister of the individual;
 (iii) brother or sister of the spouse of the individual;
 (iv) brother or sister of either of the parents of the individual;
 (v) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the individual;
 (vi) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the spouse of the individual;
(vii) spouse of the person referred to in clauses (ii) to (vi);
 (vii) where an individual or a Hindu undivided family receives, in any previous year, from any person or persons on or after the 1st day of October, 2009 but before the 1st day of April, 2017,—
 (a) any sum of money, without consideration, the aggregate value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the whole of the aggregate value of such sum;
 (b) any immovable property,—
 (i) without consideration, the stamp duty value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the stamp duty value of such property;
 (ii) for a consideration which is less than the stamp duty value of the property by an amount exceeding fifty thousand rupees, the stamp duty value of such property as exceeds such consideration:
Provided that where the date of the agreement fixing the amount of consideration for the transfer of immovable property and the date of registration are not the same, the stamp duty value on the date of the agreement may be taken for the purposes of this sub-clause:
Provided further that the said proviso shall apply only in a case where the amount of consideration referred to therein, or a part thereof, has been paid by any mode other than cash on or before the date of the agreement for the transfer of such immovable property;
 (c) any property, other than immovable property,—
 (i) without consideration, the aggregate fair market value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the whole of the aggregate fair market value of such property;
 (ii) for a consideration which is less than the aggregate fair market value of the property by an amount exceeding fifty thousand rupees, the aggregate fair market value of such property as exceeds such consideration:
Provided that where the stamp duty value of immovable property as referred to in sub-clause (b) is disputed by the assessee on grounds mentioned in sub-section (2) of section 50C, the Assessing Officer may refer the valuation of such property to a Valuation Officer, and the provisions of section 50C and sub-section (15) of section 155 shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to the stamp duty value of such property for the purpose of sub-clause (b) as they apply for valuation of capital asset under those sections:
Provided further that this clause shall not apply to any sum of money or any property received—
 (a) from any relative; or
 (b) on the occasion of the marriage of the individual; or
 (c) under a will or by way of inheritance; or
 (d) in contemplation of death of the payer or donor, as the case may be; or
 (e) from any local authority as defined in the Explanation to clause (20) of section 10; or
 (f) from any fund or foundation or university or other educational institution or hospital or other medical institution or any trust or institution referred to in clause (23C) of section 10; or
 (g) from any trust or institution registered under section 12AA or section 12AB; or
 (h) by way of transaction not regarded as transfer under clause (vicb) or clause (vid) or clause (vii) of section 47.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause,—
 (a) “assessable” shall have the meaning assigned to it in the Explanation 2 to sub-section (2) of section 50C;
 (b) “fair market value” of a property, other than an immovable property, means the value determined in accordance with the method as may be prescribed
 (c) “jewellery” shall have the meaning assigned to it in the Explanation to sub-clause (ii) of clause (14) of section 2;
 (d) “property” means the following capital asset of the assessee, namely:—
 (i) immovable property being land or building or both;
 (ii) shares and securities;
(iii) jewellery;
(iv) archaeological collections;
 (v) drawings;
(vi) paintings;
 (vii) sculptures;
(viii) any work of art; or
(ix) bullion;
 (e) “relative” means,—
 (i) in case of an individual—
(A) spouse of the individual;
(B) brother or sister of the individual;
(C) brother or sister of the spouse of the individual;
(D) brother or sister of either of the parents of the individual;
(E) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the individual;
(F) any lineal ascendant or descendant of the spouse of the individual;
(G) spouse of the person referred to in items (B) to (F); and
 (ii) in case of a Hindu undivided family, any member thereof;
 (f) “stamp duty value” means the value adopted or assessed or assessable by any authority of the Central Government or a State Government for the purpose of payment of stamp duty in respect of an immovable property;
(viia) where a firm or a company not being a company in which the public are substantially interested, receives, in any previous year, from any person or persons, on or after the 1st day of June, 2010 but before the 1st day of April, 2017, any property, being shares of a company not being a company in which the public are substantially interested,—
 (i) without consideration, the aggregate fair market value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the whole of the aggregate fair market value of such property;
 (ii) for a consideration which is less than the aggregate fair market value of the property by an amount exceeding fifty thousand rupees, the aggregate fair market value of such property as exceeds such consideration:
Provided that this clause shall not apply to any such property received by way of a transaction not regarded as transfer under clause (via) or clause (vic) or clause (vicb) or clause (vid) or clause (vii) of section 47.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “fair market value” of a property, being shares of a company not being a company in which the public are substantially interested, shall have the meaning assigned to it in the Explanation to clause (vii);
(viib) where a company, not being a company in which the public are substantially interested, receives, in any previous year, from any person 24a[being a resident], any consideration for issue of shares that exceeds the face value of such shares, the aggregate consideration received for such shares as exceeds the fair market value of the shares:
Provided that this clause shall not apply where the consideration for issue of shares is received—
  (i) by a venture capital undertaking from a venture capital company or a venture capital fund or a specified fund; or
 (ii) by a company from a class or classes of persons as may be notified by the Central Government in this behalf:
Provided further that where the provisions of this clause have not been applied to a company on account of fulfilment of conditions specified in the notification issued under clause (ii) of the first proviso and such company fails to comply with any of those conditions, then, any consideration received for issue of share that exceeds the fair market value of such share shall be deemed to be the income of that company chargeable to income-tax for the previous year in which such failure has taken place and, it shall also be deemed that the company has under reported the said income in consequence of the misreporting referred to in sub-section (8) and sub-section (9) of section 270A for the said previous year.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause,—
 (a) the fair market value of the shares shall be the value—
 (i) as may be determined in accordance with such method as may be prescribed; or
 (ii) as may be substantiated by the company to the satisfaction of the Assessing Officer, based on the value, on the date of issue of shares, of its assets, including intangible assets being goodwill, know-how, patents, copyrights, trademarks, licences, franchises or any other business or commercial rights of similar nature,
whichever is higher;
(aa) “specified fund” means a fund established or incorporated in India in the form of a trust or a company or a limited liability partnership or a body corporate which has been granted a certificate of registration as a Category I or a Category II Alternative Investment Fund and is regulated under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Alternative Investment Fund) Regulations, 2012 made under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992) or regulated under the [International Financial Services Centre Authority (Fund Management) Regulations, 2022 made under the]Â International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019 (50 of 2019)];
(ab) “trust” means a trust established under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 (2 of 1882) or under any other law for the time being in force;
 (b) “venture capital company”, “venture capital fund” and “venture capital undertaking” shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in clause (a), clause (b) and clause (c) of Explanation to clause (23FB) of section 10;
(viii) income by way of interest received on compensation or on enhanced compensation referred to in sub-section (1) of section 145B;
(ix) any sum of money received as an advance or otherwise in the course of negotiations for transfer of a capital asset, if,—
 (a) such sum is forfeited; and
 (b) the negotiations do not result in transfer of such capital asset;
 (x) where any person receives, in any previous year, from any person or persons on or after the 1st day of April, 2017,—
 (a) any sum of money, without consideration, the aggregate value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the whole of the aggregate value of such sum;
 (b) any immovable property,—
 (A) without consideration, the stamp duty value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the stamp duty value of such property;
 (B) for a consideration, the stamp duty value of such property as exceeds such consideration, if the amount of such excess is more than the higher of the following amounts, namely:—
 (i) the amount of fifty thousand rupees; and
 (ii) the amount equal to ten per cent of the consideration:
Provided that where the date of agreement fixing the amount of consideration for the transfer of immovable property and the date of registration are not the same, the stamp duty value on the date of agreement may be taken for the purposes of this sub-clause:
Provided further that the provisions of the first proviso shall apply only in a case where the amount of consideration referred to therein, or a part thereof, has been paid by way of an account payee cheque or an account payee bank draft or by use of electronic clearing system through a bank account or through such other electronic mode as may be prescribed, on or before the date of agreement for transfer of such immovable property:
Provided also that where the stamp duty value of immovable property is disputed by the assessee on grounds mentioned in sub-section (2) of section 50C, the Assessing Officer may refer the valuation of such property to a Valuation Officer, and the provisions of section 50C and sub-section (15) of section 155 shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to the stamp duty value of such property for the purpose of this sub-clause as they apply for valuation of capital asset under those sections:
29[Provided also that in case of property being referred to in the second proviso to sub-section (1) of section 43CA, the provisions of sub-item (ii) of item (B) shall have effect as if for the words “ten per cent”, the words “twenty per cent” had been substituted;]
 (c) any property, other than immovable property,—
(A) without consideration, the aggregate fair market value of which exceeds fifty thousand rupees, the whole of the aggregate fair market value of such property;
(B) for a consideration which is less than the aggregate fair market value of the property by an amount exceeding fifty thousand rupees, the aggregate fair market value of such property as exceeds such consideration:
Provided that this clause shall not apply to any sum of money or any property received—
  (I) from any relative; or
 (II) on the occasion of the marriage of the individual; or
 (III) under a will or by way of inheritance; or
 (IV) in contemplation of death of the payer or donor, as the case may be; or
 (V) from any local authority as defined in the Explanation to clause (20) of section 10; or
(VI) from any fund or foundation or university or other educational institution or hospital or other medical institution or any trust or institution referred to in clause (23C) of section 10; or
 (VII) from or by any trust or institution registered under section 12A or section 12AA or section 12AB; or
(VIII) by any fund or trust or institution or any university or other educational institution or any hospital or other medical institution referred to in sub-clause (iv) or sub-clause (v) or sub-clause (vi) or sub-clause (via) of clause (23C) of section 10; or
(IX) by way of transaction not regarded as transfer under clause (i) or clause (iv) or clause (v) or clause (vi) or clause (via) or clause (viaa) or clause (vib) or clause (vic) or clause (vica) or clause (vicb) or clause (vid) or clause (vii) or clause (viiac) or clause (viiad) or clause (viiae) or clause (viiaf)] of section 47; or
 (X) from an individual by a trust created or established solely for the benefit of relative of the individual;
(XI) from such class of persons and subject to such conditions, as may be prescribed
 [(XII) by an individual, from any person, in respect of any expenditure actually incurred by him on his medical treatment or treatment of any member of his family, for any illness related to COVID-19 subject to such conditions, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf;
(XIII) by a member of the family of a deceased person,—
 (A) from the employer of the deceased person; or
 (B) from any other person or persons to the extent that such sum or aggregate of such sums does not exceed ten lakh rupees,
where the cause of death of such person is illness related to COVID-19 and the payment is—
 (i) received within twelve months from the date of death of such person; and
 (ii) subject to such other conditions, as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.
Explanation.—For the purposes of clauses (XII) and (XIII) of this proviso, “family”, in relation to an individual, shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in Explanation 1 to clause (5) of section 10:]
[Provided further that clauses (VI) and (VII) of the first proviso shall not apply where any sum of money or any property has been received by any person referred to in sub-section (3) of section 13.]
[Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause,—
  (a) the expressions “assessable”, “fair market value”, “jewellery”, “relative” and “stamp duty value” shall have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them in the Explanation to clause (vii); and
  (b) the expression “property” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (d) of the Explanation to clause (vii) and shall include virtual digital asset;]
(xi) any compensation or other payment, due to or received by any person, by whatever name called, in connection with the termination of his employment or the modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto.
Following clauses (xii) and (xiii) shall be inserted after clause (xi) of sub-section (2) of section 56 by the Finance Act, 2023, w.e.f. 1-4-2024:
(xii)Â any specified sum received by a unit holder from a business trust during the previous year, with respect to a unit held by him at any time during the previous year.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “specified sum” shall be computed in accordance with the following formula, namely:—
Specified sum = A-B-C (which shall be deemed to be zero if sum of B and C is greater than A), where—
A = aggregate of sum distributed by the business trust with respect to such unit, during the previous year or during any earlier previous year or years, to such unit holder, who holds such unit on the date of distribution of sum or to any other unit holder who held such unit at any time prior to the date of such distribution, which is,—
  (a) not in the nature of income referred to in clause (23FC) or clause (23FCA) of section 10; and
  (b) not chargeable to tax under sub-section (2) of section 115UA;
B = amount at which such unit was issued by the business trust; and
C = amount charged to tax under this clause in any earlier previous year;
(xiii)Â where any sum is received, including the amount allocated by way of bonus, at any time during a previous year, under a life insurance policy, other than the sum,–
  (a) received under a unit linked insurance policy;
  (b) being the income referred to in clause (iv),
which is not to be excluded from the total income of the previous year in accordance with the provisions of clause (10D) of section 10, the sum so received as exceeds the aggregate of the premium paid, during the term of such life insurance policy, and not claimed as deduction under any other provision of this Act, computed in such manner as may be prescribed.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause “unit linked insurance policy” shall have the meaning assigned to it in Explanation 3 to clause (10D) of section 10.
